What Corruption in Public Procurement Looks Like: Developing a Catalog of Undue Techniques

In 2019-2021, a large-scale project to study corruption in Russian public procurement was conducted. One of its main results was a detailed catalog of 100 undue techniques used by unscrupulous customers to design corrupt tenders. The catalog seeks to contribute to enhancing corruption prevention and detection methods. Though based on always specific national experience, it can inform the design of public procurement policies in a highly corrupt environment in general and be adapted to the needs of other countries.