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HSE University Anti-Corruption Portal
Comparison of countries
Spain
Belgium
Indices
TI Corruption Perceptions Index 2021
Overall Score:
61 out of 100
Rank:
34 out of 180
Financial Secrecy Index 2022
Rank:
29 out of 141
The Rule of Law Index 2021
Overall Score:
0,73 out of 1
Rank:
21 out of 139
Open Budget 2021
Overall Score:
54 out of 100
Global Right to Information Rating
Overall Score:
73 out of 150
Rank:
93 out of 136
Index of Public Integrity
Overall Score:
7,96 out of 10
Rank:
23 out of 114
TI Corruption Perceptions Index 2021
Overall Score:
73 out of 100
Rank:
18 out of 180
Financial Secrecy Index 2022
Rank:
26 out of 141
The Rule of Law Index 2021
Overall Score:
0,79 out of 1
Rank:
14 out of 139
Global Right to Information Rating
Overall Score:
59 out of 150
Rank:
120 out of 136
Index of Public Integrity
Overall Score:
7,78 out of 10
Rank:
25 out of 114
International Cooperation
UN
GRECO
OECD
FATF
UN
GRECO
OECD
FATF
Spain
The United Nations (UN)
  • The UN Convention against Corruption was ratified in 2006.
  • The review under the first cycle of the Implementation Review Mechanism is completed. The country report is available here.
Group of States against Corruption (GRECO)
  • GRECO’s member since 1999.
  • The Council of Europe’s Criminal Law Convention on Corruption was ratified in 2010.
  • The Council of Europe’s Civil Law Convention on Corruption was ratified in 2009.
  • The fifth evaluation round is completed. The evaluation report is available here.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
  • The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions was ratified in 2000.
  • The country is undergoing Phase 3 evaluation of the implementation of the Convention. The report is available here.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
  • Member of the FATF since 1990.
  • Evaluation Report on compliance with the FATF recommendations is available here.
International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA)
  • The Agreement for the Establishment of the International Anti-Corruption Academy as an International Organization was ratified in 2011.
Belgium
The United Nations (UN)
  • The UN Convention against Corruption was ratified in 2008.
  • The review under the second cycle of the Implementation Review Mechanism is completed. The country report is available here.
Group of States against Corruption (GRECO)
  • GRECO’s member since 1999.
  • The Council of Europe’s Criminal Law Convention on Corruption was ratified in 2004.
  • The Council of Europe’s Civil Law Convention on Corruption was ratified in 2007.
  • The fifth evaluation round is completed. The evaluation report is available here.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
  • The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions was ratified in 1999.
  • The country is undergoing Phase 3 evaluation of the implementation of the Convention. The report is available here.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
  • Member of the FATF since 1990.
  • Evaluation Report on compliance with the FATF recommendations is available here.
Main Legislation
Spain

  1. Criminal Code: Articles 419-430, 439, 441, 442, Title XIII, Chapter XI, Section 4 – Corruption in Business, Articles 31bis-31quinquies
    (Codigo Penal: Artículos 419-430, 439, 441, 442, Titulo XIII, Сapítulo XI, Sección 4 – Delitos de corrupción en los negocios, Artículos 31bis-31quinquies​), (Spanish);

  2. Law on Civil Service, Division III, Chapter VIII
    (Ley articulada de Funcionarios Civiles del Estado: Titulo III, Capitulo VIII), (Spanish);

  3. Organic Law of December 26, 1984 No. 53/1984 «On Restrictions on Part-Time Work on Civil Servants»
    (Ley Orgánica 53/84, de 26 de diciembre, de Incompatibilidades del personal al servicio de las Administraciones Públicas), (Spanish);

  4. Law of March 30, 2015 «On the Duties of Persons Occupying Highest Positions in Public Administration»
    (Ley 3/2015, de 30 de marzo, reguladora del ejercicio del alto cargo de la Administración General del Estado), (Spanish).

Belgium

1. Criminal Code: Articles 246-250, 504bis, 504ter
(Wetboek van Strafrecht: Art. 246-250, 504bis, 504ter), (Dutch);

2. Law of September 15, 2013 «On the Disclosure of Information on Alleged Violation of the Rules of Conduct for Public Officials»
(Wet van 15 septembre 2013, beteffende de melding van een verondestelde integriteitsschending in de federale administratieve overheden door haar personeelsleden), (Dutch);

3. The Code of Ethics for Federal Public Officials
(Deontologisch Kader), (Dutch/French);

4. Guide to the Management of Conflicts of Interest in Federal Public Administration
(Handleiding bij belangenconflicten in het Belgisch federaal administratief openbaar ambt), (Dutch/French/German/English);

5. Circular of May 5, 2014 «On the Management of Conflicts of Interest in Public Procurement: "Revolving Door"»
(Omzendbrief 5 mei 2014 - Overheidsopdrachten - Belangenvermenging – Draaideurconstructie), (Dutch).

Anti-Corruption Bodies
Spain

  1. Special Prosecutor’s Office for Countering Corruption and Organized Crime
    (Fiscalía Especial contra la Corrupción y el Crimen Organizado), (Spanish)

Belgium
  1. Central Bureau for Countering Corruption, Federal Police of Belgium
    (Office Central pour la Répression de la Corruption), (Dutch/French);
  2. Federal Prosecutor's Office
    (Federaal parket), (Dutch/French).

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